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Language change is variation over time in a language's phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features. ==Causes of language change== * Economy: Speakers tend to make their utterances as efficient and effective as possible to reach communicative goals. Purposeful speaking therefore involves a trade-off of costs and benefits. * * the principle of least effort: Speakers especially use economy in their articulation, which tends to result in phonetic reduction of speech forms. See vowel reduction, cluster reduction, lenition, and elision. After some time a change may become widely accepted (it becomes a regular sound change) and may end up treated as a standard. For instance: ''going to'' → ''gonna'' or , with examples of both vowel reduction and elision , . * Analogy: reducing word forms by likening different forms of the word to the root. * Language contact: borrowing of words and constructions from other languages. 〔http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/2784〕 * Geographic separation: conversely, when people move away from each other, their language will diverge, at least for the vocabulary, due to different experiences. 〔''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language'' (1997, p. 335)〕 * The medium of communication. * Cultural environment: Groups of speakers will reflect new places, situations, and objects in their language, whether they encounter different people there or not. * Migration/Movement: Speakers will change and create languages, such as pidgins and creoles.〔http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/2784〕 * Imperfect learning: According to one view, children could learn the adult forms imperfectly, which then turns into a new standard. Alternatively, one part of society, such as an immigrant group, where the minority language forms a substratum, which ultimately influences majority usage. 〔 * Social prestige: Language may not only change towards a prestigious accent, but also away from one with negative prestige,〔 as in the case of rhoticity of Received Pronunciation.〔http://dialectblog.com/2012/10/07/was-received-pronunciation-ever-rhotic/〕 Such movements can go back and forward. 〔http://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/the-fall-of-the-r-less-class〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「language change」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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